Yoga sutra text 1.8

1.8. viparyayo mithyā-jñānam atad-rūpa-pratiṣṭham

viparyayaḥ, error;

 mithyā, false;

 jñānam, knowledge;

 atad, not that, incorrect;

rūpa, form;

pratiṣṭham, established in

Translation: Error is false knowledge stemming from the incorrect apprehension [of something]. (Edward F. Bryant, The Yoga Sutra of Pantajalin, A new Edition, translation, and commentary)

The concept of viparyaya, or error, as the second type of vṛtti in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, highlights the misperception or misunderstanding of reality. This vṛtti arises when we incorrectly perceive or interpret something. A daily life example of this could be mistaking a friend’s neutral expression for anger due to our own insecurities or past experiences. This misinterpretation can lead to unnecessary worry or strain in the relationship.

Viparyaya differs from other vṛttis in that it can be corrected by true knowledge. In the example of the friend, later realizing or learning that your friend was just preoccupied, not angry, would correct the initial error in perception.

The essence of viparyaya is the imposition of incorrect knowledge onto a situation or object. For instance, fearing a harmless garden hose in the grass, thinking it’s a snake, is a classic example. The snake’s form is wrongly projected onto the hose, creating a vṛtti of error.

Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras recognize error as a natural but correctable modification of the mind. By acknowledging and understanding these misperceptions, and through the cultivation of true knowledge and awareness, yoga practitioners can overcome these false perceptions. This leads to a more accurate and clear understanding of reality, aligning with the sutras’ emphasis on discernment and personal growth (Edward F. Bryant, The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali).

Understanding and overcoming viparyaya (error or misperception) is crucial in the journey of yoga and personal growth. Here are some practical tips and exercises for yoga practitioners to recognize and correct viparyaya in their own lives, along with personal anecdotes, and further reading suggestions.

Practical Tips and Exercises:

1. Mindful Observation: Begin by observing your thoughts and reactions without judgment. When you notice a strong emotional response, pause and ask yourself if there’s another way to interpret the situation. Is your reaction based on what’s happening now, or is it colored by past experiences or fears?
2. Svadhyaya (Self-study): Regularly engage in self-reflection. Keep a journal to note instances where your perception might have been clouded by viparyaya. Over time, you’ll start noticing patterns in your misperceptions.
3. Pratipaksha Bhavana: This is the practice of cultivating the opposite. When you catch yourself in a negative or incorrect thought, consciously try to consider a positive or alternative perspective. For instance, if you feel someone is angry with you, consider the possibility that they might be under stress and it’s not about you.
4. Asana with Intention: During your physical practice, focus on asanas that promote openness and receptivity, like heart-openers or balancing poses. Set the intention to see things as they are, not as you fear or wish them to be.